In 2020, White defendants spent the lowest mean number of days (156) at court, while defendants from Chinese or Other ethnic groups had the highest (199). Although it is impossible to make it perfectly consistent, this will reduce the differences in types of offending and enable a more comparable comparison across groups. Most of the racism in America has been between the whites against the blacks and . The proportion of staff from White backgrounds has decreased between 1 and 2.4 pp across all CJS organisations over the last 5 years, largely driven by increases in the proportion of staff from Asian and Mixed ethnic backgrounds. This chapter explores outcomes for defendants[footnote 38] in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) predominantly drawing on indictable offence data from the Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2020 publication. It is the Ministry of Justices responsibility to maintain compliance with the standards expected for National Statistics. , 52,617 prisoners were released from determinate sentences in 2020, of whom 99.14% were of known ethnicity. Representation of ethnic groups at different stages of the criminal justice process: black people made up 2.8 per cent of the UK population but accounted for 14.1% of stops and searches and 8.8% of . Similarly, for children, a higher proportion of child offenders in the Asian and Chinese or Other ethnic groups were first time offenders. We routinely publish data from the CSEW giving the prevalence of crime victimisation broken down according to the ethnicity of the victim. In 2020/21, three quarters (77%) of stop and searches resulted in the principal outcome no further action[footnote 31]. , Where ethnicity and protected characteristic was known, not controlling for offence mix. Arrests declined 21% and 22%, respectively, for White and Black adult suspects, a higher rate than other ethnic groups. The Ministry of Justice aims to avoid the need for revisions to publications unless they are absolutely necessary and put systems and processes in place to minimise the number of revisions. However, these data have been extracted from large administrative data systems and surveys generated by the courts, police forces and other agencies, so some care should be taken, in particular when considering small differences and or sample sizes. However, priority has been given to allow for a full year of reliable data that shows continuation of long-term trends. The proportion of White victims decreased by 7 percentage points (pp) since the previous three-year period (2014/15 to 2016/17), with corresponding increases in the proportions of victims from Black (up 3pp), Asian (up 2pp), and Other (up 2pp) ethnic groups. In 2020, where ethnicity was known, the number of requirements started under community orders fell to 72,400[footnote 58]; a decrease of 33% since 2018. Across the past 5 years, White defendants have consistently had the highest guilty plea rate, at 79% in 2020, compared to Black defendants at 66%. In this section, all analysis looks at those in the matched offender cohort who were eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) and/or had Special Education Needs (SEN), at any point during KS4. Crimes involving multiple assailants, 43% of the assailants were Black, 38% were white, and 16% were Hispanic. Figure 7.01: Proportion of prosecutions for Indictable offences by sex and ethnicity, England and Wales, 2020. Racial discrimination in America has a significant implication on crime in the region. These proportions have remained relatively stable over the last 5 years. In 2020, 76% of crime lower legal aid workload was for White clients, with 7% for Black, 7% for Asian, 7% for Other and 3% for clients from Mixed ethnic groups. Five-year trends have been presented wherever possible. The defendant can be directed to appear in court or remanded on bail or in custody. It offers insights into the experience of victims which other sources of data, such as police records, may not capture[footnote 9]. Graham and Bowling (1995) Found that blacks (43%) and whites (44%) had similar and almost identical rates of crime, but Asians actually had lower rates (Indians- 30%, Pakistanis-28% and Bangladeshi-13%). Of all defendants who entered a plea at Crown Court for sexual offences, 94% entered a guilty plea in 2020 . A 21% decrease was seen in requirements started under suspended sentence orders. The relationship between the homicide victim and principal suspect[footnote 19] varied across ethnic groups. There was a corresponding increase in stop and searches conducted on Asian suspects (15% to 19%) whilst all other ethnic groups remained relatively constant. For this reason, comparisons over time for the Asian and Other ethnic group should be made with caution. Black suspects had the highest proportion of stop and searches for offensive weapons (including firearms) at 19%, compared to 10 to 15% for all other ethnic groups[footnote 26]. This publication compiles statistics from data sources across the Criminal Justice System (CJS), to provide a combined perspective on the typical experiences of different ethnic groups, how outcomes vary between groups and how this has changed over time. In 2020, the proportion remanded in custody was higher for Chinese or Other (51%), Black (49%) and Mixed (47%) defendants compared to Asian (41%) and White (40%) defendants. The difference in ACSL can be attributed to a range of factors, including the varying offence mix across ethnic groups (see figure 8.01). Larger proportions of defendants from Black, Asian and Chinese or Other ethnic groups who were remanded in custody were acquitted or not tried (ranging from 13% to 15%) compared with defendants of White and Mixed ethnicities (9% and 10% respectively). Figure 1.01: Ethnicity proportions for adults throughout the criminal justice system, 2020. By ethnicity and socio-economic group. Across all ethnic groups, the majority of defendants dealt with at Crown Court are represented at their first hearing, ranging from 91% to 94% across ethnic groups in 2020. The ACSL for drug offences has increased across all ethnic groups over the past 5 years. As such, analysis which relies on the 2011 Census data has not been included. In 2019/20, an estimated 6% of children were a victim of a personal crime once or more, based on findings from the CSEW. As this data is now several years old it may not accurately represent the distribution of ethnic groups in the population, particularly for children when comparing to 2018 CJS figures. Arrests were the principal outcome in 12% of stop and searches, community resolutions in 7% and other outcomes in 6% . The overall ethnicity trends for stop and searches tend to be influenced by stop and searches conducted in London, due to Londons ethnic composition compared with the rest of England and Wales. There was a decrease in the proportion of stop and searches conducted on Black individuals in London, from 36% in 2016/17 to 32% in 2020/21. , Self-declared from HR records reported table 3_1_JO_Appt in the Judicial Diversity Statistics, 2021 publication, the quoted figure covers all court judges; Judicial Diversity Statistics 2017. The overall custody rate has remained relatively stable between 2016 and 2019, ranging from 57% to 61%. Arrest rate in England and Wales 2006-2022, by ethnicity. You can change your cookie settings at any time. In 2020, 32% of children in prison were Black despite Black prisoners accounting for only 13% of the entire prison population. , Pupils at the end of Key Stage 4 are typically aged 15 and 16; please see A Technical Guide to Statistics on Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System, 2020 for further details. Where young offenders received a custodial sentence, the proportion eligible for FSM increased across all ethnic groups. If you have any feedback about the changes referred to in the introduction, or the report more generally, please contact the production team through the Justice Statistics Analytical Services division of the Ministry of Justice: In 2020, the custody rate was relatively stable across ethnic groups, between 24 and 26%. In comparison to all other ethnic groups, higher proportions of White prisoners reported more positive experiences, including feeling respected by staff, feeling safe from COVID and having enough cleaning facilities. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. The proportion of staff from White backgrounds has decreased between 1 and 2.4 percentage points across all CJS organisations over the last 5 years, largely driven by increases in the proportion of staff from Asian and Mixed ethnic backgrounds. The ACSL was longest for Chinese or Other offenders at 14.7 months, followed by Black at 13.7 months, Mixed 13.2 months, Asian 12.1 months and White 10.6 months. The most frequent method of killing in homicides with Asian victims was Strangulation (38%), closely followed by sharp instrument (35%). The parole board carry out risk assessments on prisoners to determine whether they can be safely released into the community. Since this previous period, homicides, overall, increased by 17%. In certain instances, data has been used for years that are not impacted by restrictions but in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Of all children sentenced to immediate custody in the last 5 years, White children had the shortest ACSL at 16.8 months and Mixed children had the longest ACSL at 21.1 months. ACSL was consistently lower for White defendants from 2016 to 2020, at 19.6 months in 2020, compared to 28.6 for Asian defendants (46% longer), 26.8 for Black defendants (37% longer), and 24.4 for both defendants of Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnicity groups (25% longer). In 2020, 79% of crime higher legal aid workload was for White clients, with 10% for Black, 8% for Asian, and 3% for Mixed clients. The ACSL for possession of weapons offences fell by 41%, between 2016 and 2020, for Asian offenders and 23% Black offenders. This analysis compares the police identified ethnicity in the matched young offender cohort by total sentence/cautioned and those sentenced to custody (12 months or less and more than 12 months). In 2020, Asian offenders had the longest ACSL for drug offences, at 46.2 months, the Chinese or Other group had the shortest (31.8 months), while all other ethnic groups ranged from 38.0 to 39.8 months. In 2020, Black offenders made up 32% of the prison population for under-18-year olds, despite accounting for only 13% of the whole prison population. The largest proportionate decrease was seen in the White and Black ethnic groups (-18% and -17% respectively). This chapter looks at particular indictable offences to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and court outcomes. Asian and Chinese or Other[footnote 65] offenders had a higher proportion of first-time offenders at 23% and 35% respectively, compared to White and Black offenders at 16% and 14% respectively[footnote 66]. The ethnic profile of practitioners in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) has become slightly more diverse over the last 5 years. Racism and ethnicity are one of the social evils that pose a big danger to the society. In the latest year, the Other ethnicity for children had the highest average number of reoffences per reoffender at 4.5, followed by White (4.1), Black (3.5), and Asian (3.4) average number of reoffences. The matched cohort data also provided information on the proportion of those sentenced/cautioned that have a history of being persistently absent from school, have a previous record of being permanently excluded from school, or have received a suspension, at any point during KS4. In the absence of any court outcome, the principal suspect is either the person considered by the police to be the most involved in the homicide or the person with the closest relationship to the victim. Where ethnicity was known, first time offenders[footnote 64] accounted for 16% of all adult offenders cautioned or convicted for an indicatable offence in 2020. Despite the large decrease in . , See Appendix II for concordance in ethnicity reporting between these sources, More information on Relative Rate Indexes can be found in the technical guide. Where a source is not National Statistics, users should consider this when making judgements about the weight that can be put on related findings. This is the latest biennial compendium of Statistics on Ethnicity (formerly Race) and the Criminal Justice System and follows on from its sister publication Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System published last year. Personal crime [footnote 11] against adults. The overall custody rate for drug offences has increased from 21% in 2016 to 25% in 2020. This was the only region in which homicide victims were more likely to be from the Black ethnic group (42%), followed by White ethnic group (40%). Source: Census 2001 England Household form, Office for National Statistics. This section is limited to these offences (referred to indictable) and to defendants aged 10 or over unless otherwise is explicitly stated. The level of crime in Scotland has fallen in recent years with 246,516 crimes recorded by the police in 2019/20. , A SEN statement is a document which sets out a childs SEN and any additional help that the child should receive. The average number of days spent at court (from first listing in magistrates courts to completion in Crown Court) for defendants dealt with in Crown Court cases varies across ethnicities. A contributing factor to the long ACSL for Asian offenders is due to the high proportions of Class A drug related offences. London. They are awarded National Statistics status following an assessment by the Authoritys regulatory arm. The location in which a homicide was committed showed marked differences between ethnic groups. Figure 8.04: Proportion of prosecutions for selected drug offences, by ethnicity, 2020, England and Wales. A higher proportion of prosecutions for Black and Mixed ethnic groups were against children, 12% and 14% respectively, compared to 5% for White defendants. Being suspended can involve a part of the school day and it does not have to be for a continuous period. A small proportional decrease of White offenders was observed, with a decrease of 2 percentage points since 2016. Black suspects had the highest proportion of arrests that resulted from stop and search, accounting for 23% of total arrests, which has increased from 17% in 2016/17. Black and Other ethnicity suspects had the highest proportion of stop and searches where nothing was found (both 76%), followed by Asian suspects (74%). The data for this section is available in the Arrests open data tables published by Home Office. This is especially apparent when comparing to the ethnic breakdown of the population of England and Wales[footnote 1]. Over the past five years, concordance rates[footnote 40] for immediate custodial sentences across all ethnic groups (excluding Missing/Not Stated) increased from 73% in 2016 to 90% in 2018, followed by a small decrease to 87% in 2020. Not all agencies provide ethnicity data; therefore, the race and ethnicity totals will not equal. Of children, 4 to 6% were reported as being victims in Black, Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups. , For more information, see Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2020. In 2020, the ethnic group with the highest ACSL for sexual offences was Black, at 67.3 months, and the lowest the Asian group at 51.6 months. The reoffending rate for Black adult offenders was highest for 18-20 year olds at 35%. The proportion of White children remanded at Crown Court has been increasing over the last 5 years from 26% in 2016 to 45% in 2020, converging with the proportion of children remanded in custody from minority ethnic groups. In some cases, in contrast to fears of "racist" connotations of identifying individuals by their cultural background, the language of labels and shorthand descriptors was used as a lingua franca for playful . In the 2018/19 cohort, the reoffending rate for adults was highest for Black offenders at 30%, 29% for White offenders, 23% for Asian offenders and 19% for Other offenders. Over half of young offenders sentenced or cautioned had SEN. Of those who received a suspended sentence order, higher proportions of White and Mixed ethnicity offenders received rehabilitation requirements[footnote 60], whereas higher proportions of Black, Asian and Chinese or Other ethnicity offenders received unpaid work requirements. , Data from 2019/20 for the Asian (or Asian British) ethnic group includes people who identify as Chinese. , In 2018/19 Lancashire, Warwickshire and West Mercia stated that new IT systems and/or processes had led to changes in recording of detentions under section 136 of the Mental Health Act. Following prosecution (which can include being sent to Crown Court), defendants found guilty are subsequently convicted and sentenced. Postal Point 10.31, Floor 10. A pupil may be excluded for one or more suspensions up to a maximum of 45 school days in a single academic year. 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