African-American educator and activist (1863-1954) Mary Church Terrell Born Mary Eliza Church September 23, 1863 Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. Died July 24, 1954(1954-07-24)(aged 90) Annapolis, Maryland, U.S. Other names Euphemia Kirk Occupation Civil rights activist, journalist Known for One of the first African-American women to earn a college degree Her tactics included boycotts, picketing, and sit-ins. Photo by Harris and Ewing. By Edith Mayo, for the Turning Point Suffragist website African American Women Leaders in the Suffrage Movement. [28] The speech received great reception from the Association and black news outlets, ultimately leading Terrell to be invited back as an unofficial (black) ambassador for the Association. Mary Church Terrell Papers: Speeches and Writings, 1866-1953; 1947, Jan. 11 , Celebration of the 34th Anniversary of Delta Sigma Theta | Library of Congress Manuscript/Mixed Material Mary Church Terrell Papers: Speeches and Writings, 1866-1953; 1947, Jan. 11 , Celebration of the 34th Anniversary of Delta Sigma Theta About this Item Image 1933 At Oberlin College's centennial celebration, Terrell was recognized among the college's "Top 100 Outstanding Alumni". She successfully de-segregated public accommodations and restaurants in the District of Columbia, in 1953, when the Supreme Court upheld the decision a fitting climax to a life of reform. [1] She taught in the Latin Department at the M Street School (now known as Paul Laurence Dunbar High School)the first African American public high school in the nationin Washington, DC. Text is readable, book is clean, and pages and cover mostly intact. (1982) Mary Church Terrell and the National Association of Colored Women: 1896-1901. In 1875, Marys parents moved her to Oberlin, Ohio to attend Oberlin public school from eight grade to the end of her high school education in 1879. "A Plea for the White South by a Colored Woman". Manuscripts, - One of these campaigns includes a petition both Terrell and Douglass signed, in 1893, in hopes of a hearing of statement regarding lawless cases where black individuals in certain states were not receiving due process of law. The association and Anthony had allowed her to talk about suffering and its relationship with colored women. Her relationship with both problems led to potential interest in Delta Sigma Theta Sorority. Mary Church Terrell Papers: Subject File, -1962; Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, 1927 to 1943. When two major African American womens clubs merged to become the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) in 1896, Terrell was elected its first president. Dignity and Defiance: A Portrait of Mary Church Terrell (documentary film). I have done research at the Student Life Archives and have written several histories of University of Illinois fraternity chapters for the Society for the Preservation of Greek Housing. Although Hull House and similar groups failed to take a stand against discrimination at the time, the NACW achieved greater standing nationally and received favorable extensive press. Biography of Gertrude Lynde Crocker, 1884-1969, Mary Elizabeth Donegan (April 18, 1895-1969), Phoebe Apperson Hearst (ca. She continued to represent and speak for Black women at national woman suffrage conventions. [7], Mary Church Terrells father was married three times. It sounded like a plan. She died in 1954. 12 Apr Mary Church Terrell (1863 - 1954) By Edith Mayo, for the Turning Point Suffragist website African American Women Leaders in the Suffrage Movement Terrell was a writer, educator, suffragist, and civil rights activist as well as a prime mover among Black women suffragists and clubwomen of the 20th century. She taught high school, was a principal, and was appointed to the District of Columbia Board of Education. Terrell appealed the matter to the national office which affirmed her eligibility, but the D.C. chapter changed its rules to make membership contingent on approval from its board of directors. Mary Church Terrell was a civil rights and women's rights activist. Segregation--Washington (D.C.), - Mary was a founder and charter member of the National Association of Colored People in 1909 and the College Alumnae Club, which became the National Association of University Women, in 1910. It is my sincere honor and privilege to serve as the 8th Chapter President of Smithfield Alumnae Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Incorporated for the 2021 2023 biennium. Mary attended Antioch College Model School from 1871 to 1874, starting at the age of eight. We hope that you will return frequently to find out about our upcoming events. As one of the few African-American women who was allowed to attend NAWSA's meetings, Terrell spoke directly about the injustices and issues within the African-American community. In 1940, she released her autobiography Colored Woman in a White World. In subsequent years, it can be noted that she understood her mobility as a white-passing African-American woman as necessary to creating greater links between African-Americans and white Americans, thus leading her to become an active voice in NAWSA. When a disagreement about the future of the organization arose between the active chapter and the alumnae, an ultimatum was given, decisions were made, and in the end, the active members left Alpha Kappa Alpha and became Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. Myra Daviswent from being the president of the Alpha Kappa Alpha chapter to being president of the Delta Sigma Theta chapter. At the age of 91 Terrell dies only days before the decision of the Brown v. Board of Education which overturned the separate yet equal situation which she saw come and go. This dynamic group of women have remained at the Tarrah Wade, MBA di LinkedIn: Today, we recognize and celebrate the many amazing contributions of Delta On February 18, 1898, Terrell gave an address titled "The Progress of Colored Women" at the National American Woman Suffrage Association biennial session in Washington, D.C.[26] This speech was a call of action for NAWSA to fight for the lives of black women. This led to the overwhelming passage at the organization's 1949 convention of an anti-discrimination requirement. She was born Mary E. Church to a family of former slaves in Memphis, Tennessee. "Lynching from a Negro's Point of View," published in 1904, is included in Terrell's long list of published work where she attempts to dismantle the skewed narrative of why black men are targeted for lynching and she presents numerous facts to support her claims. The goals of the service-oriented club were to promote unity, social progress and the best interests of the African American community. She was the first Black woman in the United States to hold such a position. In 1892, Terrell along with Helen Appo Cook, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Anna Julie Cooper, Charlotte Forten Grimk, Mary Jane Patterson and Evelyn Shaw formed the Colored Women's League in Washington, D.C. Terrell, M. C. (1927) Mary Church Terrell Papers: Subject File, -1962; Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, 1927 to 1943. He is considered to be the first African-American millionaire in the South.[6]. Terrell took part in the meetings of the National Woman Suffrage Association among his professional and personal duties and met Susan B. Anthony. Terrell's mother, Louisa Ayres, is believed to be one of the first African American women to establish and maintain a hair salon, frequented by well-to-do residents of Memphis. Race relations, - Through family connections and social networking, Terrell met many influential black activists of her day, including Booker T. Washington, director of the influential Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. When refused service, they promptly filed a lawsuit. Terborg-Penn, R. (1998). She became a leader of the Black communitys social and civic life, and the first African American woman appointed to the school board in the District of Columbia. Madeleine Zabriskie Doty, Alpha Omicron Pi, #NotableSororityWomen, on Founders Day, The Last Week of the Year a Busy One for GLOs, The Importance of Indiana in Sorority History. D.C. segregation was officially challenged and declared unconstitutional in 1953, and Terrell had helped organize sit-ins, pickets, boycotts, and surveys around the city leading up to the ruling. She was given a degree from Oberlin College in 1948, and an Honorary Degree from Howard and the Universities of Wilberforce. November 24, 1833 Psi Upsilon Terrell went on to give more addresses, such as "In Union There is Strength", which discussed the need for unity among black people, and "What it Means to be Colored in the Capital of the U.S.", in which she discussed her own personal struggles that she faced as an African American woman in Washington, D.C.[29] Terrell also addressed the Seneca Falls Historical Society in 1908 and praised the work of woman suffragists who were fighting for all races and genders alongside their primary causes.[30]. Both were married in great joy in 1891 but faced problems during the first five years of their marriage since the couple had three children who died shortly after their birth. - 1943, 1927. Dodd Mead & Co., 1937. "What It Means to Be Colored in the Capital of the United States". Political Awareness and Involvement. Both were married in great joy in 1891 but faced problems during the first five years of their marriage since the couple had three children who died shortly after their birth. Manuscript/Mixed Material. This dynamic group of women have remained at the Tarrah Wade, MBA no LinkedIn: Today, we recognize and celebrate the many amazing contributions of Delta Educators, - Coordinating Committee for the Enforcement of the D.C. Born in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1863, the year of the Emancipation Proclamation, Mary Eliza Church was part of a changing America. In the midst of her educational and personal responsibilities, Terrell attended National Woman Suffrage Association meetings and knew Susan B. Anthony. The couple met in Washington, DC, and both worked at the M Street High School, where he was the principal. She was the daughter of a millionaire from Memphis, Tennessee, where her father Robert, a former slave, rose to become a wealthy landowner. In 1913, Alice Paul organized a NAWSA suffrage rally where she initially planned to exclude black suffragists and later relegated them to the back of the parade in order to curry favor with Southern white women. Terrell, in her recorded speeches in the NAWSAs History of Woman Suffrage, reminded white women that to exclude Black women from voting because of race was like excluding white women because of gender. Mary Church Terrell, the "face of the African American women's suffrage activism," served as a mentor to Howard University's new Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, whose members organized themselves in order to take an active role in politics and reform movements, starting with their participation in the march. The daughter of former slaves, Terrell was an 1884 graduate of Oberlin College. The Negro Genius: a New Appraisal of the Achievement of the American Negro in Literature and the Fine Arts. The Smithfield Alumnae Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. cordially invites you to attend our virtual SPRING 023 [7], Black women's clubs and the National Association of Colored Women. Mary Church Terrell. She was the only black woman at the conference. AND THE LULU CORKHILL WILLIAMS FRIENDSHIP FUND, SORORITY WOMEN WHO HAVE WON MISS AMERICA AND MISS USA, STATE GOVERNORS WHO HAVE BEEN SORORITY WOMEN, SORORITY WOMEN ON THE ROAD TO MISS AMERICA 2023 (2022 STATE WINNERS), SORORITY WOMEN COMPETING IN MISS USA 2022 AND MISS TEEN USA 2022, Fraternity and Sorority Members Competing in the 2021 Tokyo Olympics, The State by State Tour of Graves, Founding Sites, and HQs for NPC GLOs, Anna J. Cooper on Alpha Kappa Alphas Founding Day. After completing her Masters degree in 1888, Mary Terrell took a two-year leave of absence studying in France, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany to further her language competency. Nearly two months after its founding, on March 3, 1913, the women took part in the historic suffrage march in Washington, D.C. There are many posts on this blog. African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850-1920. White, Gloria M. "Mary Church Terrell: Organizer Of Black Women." Delta Sigma Theta Embroidered Long Sleeve Tee. Delta Sigma Theta's first public appearance was made at the Women's Suffrage March the day before Woodrow Wilson's inauguration in 1913. Mary Church Terrell was a prominent public figure in Washington, DC. in 1888. Retrieved fromhttps://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/terrell-mary-church/. A lawsuit was filed against Washington, D.C.s Thompson Restaurant when the establishment refused to serve them because of their race. Mary Church Terrell HouseNational Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior website. In the famous March, 1913 suffrage parade in Washington, D. C., organized by Alice Paul and the Congressional Union of the NAWSA, Terrell marched with the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority from Howard University, assembled in the area reserved for Black women. Mary Church Terrell (1863-1954): Educator, Writer, Civil Rights Activist. [11][12], Terrell began her career in education in 1885, teaching modern languages[13] at Wilberforce University, a historically black college founded collaboratively by the Methodist Church in Ohio and the African Methodist Episcopal Church in the state. To improve her language competency, Mary Terrell took a two year absence to study in France, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany. November 11, 1874 Gamma Phi Beta Integrated Education 17.56 (1979): 28. After six years, she resigned from the board due to a conflict of interest involving a vote for her husband to become school principal. In 1913 Terrell joined the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, which had recently been formed, at Howard University. https://www.loc.gov/item/mss425490265/. Finally, on June 8, 1953, the court ruled that segregated eating places in Washington, DC, were unconstitutional. Terrell had experienced similar difficulties in buying a house, seeking other employment opportunities, and traveling in the south. [1] It was the week before the NACW was to hold its annual meeting in Annapolis, Maryland near her home in Highland Beech. Nichols, J. L., and W. H. Crogman. 1, 2009, pp. Terrell, Mary Church. November 9, 1874 Sigma Kappa The Library presents additional materials pursuant to fair use under United States copyright law. In 1892, Terrell founded the Colored Womens League of Washington and contributed as a teacher and organizer. Mary Church Terrell (born Mary Eliza Church; September 23, 1863 July 24, 1954) was one of the first African-American women to earn a college degree, and became known as a national activist for civil rights and suffrage. She assisted in the formation of the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority at Howard University in 1914, accepted honorary membership, and wrote the Delta Creed, which outlined a code of conduct for young women. Even though the women of Delta Sigma Theta had to march back of the line and endure the added negativity due to their race, they still marched. Terrell wrote the Delta Oath in 1914. Delta Sigma Theta Inverted Umbrella. At the age of 91 Terrell dies only days before the decision of the Brown v. Board of Education which overturned the separate yet equal situation which she saw come and go. The twenty-two founding members and honorary member Mary Church Terrell walked under the new sorority's banner as the demonstration made its way down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. November 27, 1996 Delta Sigma Chi In 1892, Terrell was elected president of the famous Washington, D.C. Black discussion group Thank you for the information. What did Mary Church Terrell fight for? Mary Church Terrell Mary Church Terrell. Terrell, Mary Church. Out of this union formed the National Association of Colored Women, which became the first secular national organization dedicated to the livelihoods of black women in America. She went from being President of Alpha Kappa Alpha to being president of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. We are a small chapter that has grown from 22 members to now 47 strong. The two were married in 1891 in great celebration but faced difficulty in the first five years of the marriage since the couple had three children who died soon after birth. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, The Visible Woman Project: Bibliography | thevisiblewomanproject, http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/people/terrell-mary-church/. She also wrote prolifically, including an autobiography, and her writing was published in several journals. Home |Services|Portfolio|Films | Speaking Engagements|Blog, Sign up if you would like to receive our newsletter. "Society Among the Colored People of Washington". Awards like the honorary Ph.D. from Oberlin College in 1948 in humane letters or equivalent honorary degrees from Howard and the University of Wilberforce appeared to motivate Terrell deeper into motion. On September 23, 1863, renowned civil rights activist Mary Church Terrell was born in Memphis, Tennessee. November 7, 1913 Alpha Epsilon Pi She was born on September 23, 1863 in Memphis, Tennessee. [22] Terrell was twice elected president, serving from 1896 to 1901. Retrieved from http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/people/terrell-mary-church/ []. Terrell worked actively in the women's suffrage movement, which pushed for enactment of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. My roommate suggested I sign up for rush (as it was then called, today its known as recruitment) and go through the house tour round and then drop out of rush. Ladies from both original organizations felt she was a fair and trustworthy person, and Terrell was elected as the first president of the organization. December 3, 1842-April 13, 1919), Alva Erskine Smith Vanderbilt Belmont (1853-January 26, 1933), Nellie May Quander February 11, 1880 September 24, 1961, Media Advisory: Dedication of the Turning Point Suffragist Memorial, Two Silent Sentinels Inducted into Connecticut Womens Hall of Fame. hailed from Gonzales, Texas. 2013, several thousand Delta Sigma Theta Sorority members commemorated the 100th anniversary of the 1913 march and the role the organization's twenty-two founders played, by recreating . Dated: 1884. They were the only African-American women's group to participate. 1948 Oberlin awarded Terrell the honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters. Founder Soror Myra Davis Hemmings. Today, we recognize and celebrate the many amazing contributions of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. [35] In 1948 Terrell won the anti-discrimination lawsuit (against the AAUW) and regained her membership, becoming the first black member after the exclusion of people of color within the DC chapter. Terrell took part in the meetings of the National Woman Suffrage Association among his professional and personal duties and met Susan B. Anthony. Culp, Daniel Wallace. Credit Line: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Mary Church Terrell Papers. "Mary Church Terrell: Black Suffragist and Civil Rights Activist.". She assisted in the formation of the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority at Howard University in 1914, accepted honorary membership, and wrote the Delta Creed, which outlined a code of conduct for young women. Condition Notes: May contain writing, notes, highlighting, bends or folds. Copyright var year = new Date(); Anti-Discrimination Laws, - Civil rights, - I wrote a dissertation on Coeducation and the History of Womens Fraternities 1867-1902. It chronicles the growth of the system and the birth of the National Panhellenic Conference. The Journal of Negro History Mary Church Terrell Papers: Subject File, -1962; Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, 1927 to 1943. She was re-elected then given the title of honorary president for life after completion of her second term. The first Black woman to be a Board member was Terrell. I am sure I would have agreed with them, too. "Mrs. Eisenhower Lauds Work of Mrs. Terrell,", Last edited on 31 December 2022, at 12:43, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National American Woman Suffrage Association, disenfranchised African-Americans of their right to vote, Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. As both organizations had similar ambitions and audiences, they combined their efforts with hundreds of other organizations to reach a wider focus of black women workers, students and activists nearing the beginning of the 20th century. Local federation chapters also developed homes for the aging, schooling for girls, clinics, and other support networks during Terrells tenure, and it was recognized as the leading black womens organization in the United States. Since being chartered by 22 trailblazers on March 6, 1999, in alignment with Deltas National Five Point Programmatic Thrust, Smithfield Alumnae Chapters activities and events focus on: $26.95. In 1895, she was the first African-American woman in the United States to be appointed to the school board of a major city, serving in the District of Columbia until 1906. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Though Terrell died in 1954, her legacy and early fight for black women to vote continues to be cited. Honorary member Mary Church Terrell, an ardent suffragist and civil rights activist, joined them in their march. In World War I, Terrell was involved with the War Camp Community Service, which supported recreation for servicemen. 67, No. Terrell marched with the delegation from new York City, while the Delta Sigma Theta sorority women of Howard University, whom Terrell mentored, marched with the other college women.[7][27]. READ/DOWNLOAD#[ My Forty Years with Ford (Great La, The 10 Most Spoken Languages In The World. Mary Church Terrell Papers. "Duty of the National Association of Colored Women to the Race". Phylon (1960-), Vol. Their half-siblings, Robert, Jr. (18851952) and Annette (18871975), were born to Robert Sr.'s third wife, Anna Wright. Together, these three Oberlin graduates grew to become lifelong colleagues and highly regarded activists in the movement towards racial and gender equality in the United States. She signed the charter that established the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. A Colored Woman in a White World (pp. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. She continued to represent and speak for Black women at national woman suffrage conventions. The Terrells later adopted her niece, Mary. She delivered the speech in French, and concluded with the English version. ), Hidden Figures on Alpha Kappa Alpha Founders Day, Sorority Women Writing Stories Whose Characters Are Sorority Women, Ruth Bader Ginsburgandhttp://wp.me/p20I1i-1Mj, Meghan Markle, HRH The Dutchess of Sussex, November 1, 1901 Sigma Phi Epsilon 6589. It also started a training program and kindergarten, before these were included in the Washington, DC public schools. However, Terrell and Ida B. Mary Church Terrell Papers, 1884-2004. Twentieth Century Negro Literature. African Americans--Education, - 1 (Spring, 1982), pp. November 26, 1913 Phi Sigma Sigma Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Incorporated is a private non-profit organization founded on January 13, 1913 by 22 college-educated women on the campus of Howard University in Washington, D.C. Our organization is committed to public service with a primary focus on the Black community, and to the constructive development of its more than 200,000 members. Amherst, N.Y. : Humanity Books, 2005. Jessie Carney Smith, ed., "Robert Reed Church Sr.", in. Vol. Smithfield Alumnae Chapter has built a legacy of unwavering commitment to servicing and addressing the needs in the Town of Smithfield and the counties of Isle of Wight and Surry by promoting academic excellence, focusing on scholarship, encouraging social action, maintaining staunch political involvement and providing programs and services to meet the concerns of the community. Awards like the honorary Ph.D. from Oberlin College in 1948 in humane letters or equivalent honorary degrees from Howard and the University of Wilberforce appeared to motivate Terrell deeper into motion. Transcript: TEXT Download: Text ( all pages )JPEG (483x411px) JPEG (967x822px) Delta Sigma Theta Satin Jacket. In her speeches to the suffrage organization, she repeatedly defended against the charges of corruption among Black men, reminding white women of the racial barriers that kept many former slaves powerless. November 26, 1909 Sigma Alpha Mu We are a small chapter that has grown from 22 members to now 47 strong. Brains, Heart & Courage I didnt realize that I would end up feeling at home at one of the chapters. 10 + 2 Sorority Women with Pulitzer Prizes, 10 Authors Who Are Sorority Women (Hint Caddie Woodlawn, Kinsey Millhone, Atticus Finch, Too), 10 Sorority Women from the Golden Age of Television, Doctors Who Wore Badges: Fraternity Women in Medicine 1867-1902, Female Senators and Their Sorority Affiliation 2019 Edition. Watson, Martha Solomon. Mary Church Terrell vs. Thomas Nelson Page: Gender, Race, and Class in Anti-Lynching Rhetoric. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, vol. She received an enthusiastic ovation when she honored the host nation by delivering her address in German. Progress of a Race, 1925. 2018 Oberlin College named its main library the Mary Church Terrell Main Library. November 16, 1996 Phi Sigma Chi For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. [10] She graduated alongside notable African-American intellectuals Anna Julia Cooper and Ida Gibbs Hunt. As described in The Delta Story for the Biennium, 1954-1956, the sorority's emphasis and motivation comes from being a "sorority that had its origin among Negro women confronted as they were with what Mary Church Terrell described as the double handicap of race and sex." Terrells lifelong commitment to liberating Blacks from oppression did not stop with her significant club work and advocacy of suffrage. Her father was a businessman who became one of the first African American millionaires in the southern states and her mother was a hair stylist who owned her own hair salon. She was instrumental in the groups merge with the National Federation of Afro-American Women to form the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) in 1896. She was given a degree from Oberlin College in 1948, and an Honorary Degree from Howard and the Universities of Wilberforce. Mary Church Terrell, photo taken between 1880 and 1900, printed later. Upon graduation, Terrell secured a position at Wilberforce University where she taught for two years. In the famous March, 1913 suffrage parade in Washington, D. C., organized by Alice Paul and the Congressional Union of the NAWSA, Terrell marched with the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority from Howard University, assembled in the area reserved for Black women. I was the last person anyone would have suspected of joining a sorority in college. Before Montgomery and Greensboro: The Desegregation Movement in the District of Columbia, 1950 1953. She also served as an editor of The Oberlin Review. His first marriage, to Margaret Pico Church, began in 1857, ended in 1862, and produced one child, Laura. In describing her experience at Oberlin College, she believes it would be difficult for a colored girl to go through a white school with fewer unpleasant experiences occasioned by race prejudice than I had (Terrell, p. 45).Terrell was voted class poet, involved in the Aelioian literary society, given access to orators, singers, and orchestras, generally treated well by professors, and had her articles published in the campus newspaper, Oberlin Review. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. Today, we recognize and celebrate the many amazing contributions of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. In 1949, Terrell and colleagues Clark F. King, Essie Thompson, and Arthur F. Elmer entered the segregated Thompson Restaurant. These restrictions were not fully overturned until after Congressional passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. International Purity Conference, - [3][36], In 1950, Terrell started what would be a successful fight to integrate eating places in the District of Columbia. From 1905 to 1910, she had actually been a member of that organization's Washington, D.C. chapter as an Oberlin graduate. If you are a member of our illustrious sisterhood and are looking for a chapter home, look no further. Her activities were varied including administration of a black school district and Congressional appropriations requests for D.C. schools. "Peonage in the United States: The Convict Lease System and the Chain Gangs", Parker, Alison M. (2020). Many of the first meetings were held in Edna Browns living room. My Sorority, DELTA SIGMA THETA, was founded on January 13, 1913. Civil rights leaders, -
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